Switches
Sidelights and Headlights
Lighting controls are usually located:
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On a stalk beside the steering column, or
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On a switch on the dashboard
Most vehicles have a three-position switch:
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Off
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Sidelights
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Headlights (dipped or main beam — usually operated via a stalk on the steering column)
Many vehicles also include a fourth ‘Auto’ mode, which automatically activates the headlights when outside light levels drop.
Be ready to override the automatic function if visibility requires it.
Sidelights generally operate even when the ignition is off.
Fog Lights
Fog light switches are typically located on the instrument panel rather than the steering column.
Modern vehicles must have at least one rear fog light, while front fog lights are often optional.
You must only use fog lights when visibility is seriously reduced — that is, when you cannot see more than 100 metres (328 feet) ahead.
Using them in clear conditions can dazzle and distract other drivers.
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A warning light on the dashboard shows when fog lights are on.
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Always turn them off when visibility improves.
Automatic & Adaptive Headlights
Automatic Headlights
These use light sensors to detect darkness and switch the headlights on automatically.
Drivers should not rely solely on this feature — always check that your headlights are on when necessary.
Adaptive Headlights
Adaptive headlights adjust the beam direction and angle in response to steering, speed, and road conditions.
They improve visibility around corners and over hills without dazzling other road users.
Direction Indicators
The indicator switch is usually a stalk on either side of the steering column.
Indicators show other road users which way you intend to turn or move.
Correct and timely signalling is essential for safe driving.
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You should be able to operate the indicators without removing your hand from the wheel.
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Many vehicles have self-cancelling indicators, but they may not cancel after a slight turn — always check they’ve turned off.
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You can confirm this by:
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Checking the dashboard warning light, or
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Listening for the ticking sound while the indicators flash.
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Most modern vehicles also feature lane-change indicators, which flash three times when the stalk is briefly tapped — useful when overtaking on motorways or dual carriageways.
Hazard Warning Lights
The hazard light switch may be:
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On the steering column, or
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On the instrument panel
It is always within easy reach and clearly marked.
Hazard warning lights alert other drivers when your vehicle is temporarily obstructing traffic, for example:
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If you’ve broken down
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When you suddenly slow down on a motorway or dual carriageway due to a hazard ahead
Use them only long enough for other drivers to see your warning.
Do not use hazard lights to justify stopping in a restricted area (e.g. on double yellow lines).
Remember: if only one side of your vehicle is visible, hazard lights may be mistaken for a turn signal.
Windscreen Washers & Wipers
Wiper and washer controls are typically mounted on steering column stalks.
Most vehicles combine both functions on the same control.
Rear wipers (if fitted) usually have a separate control.
Some models include headlight washers or rain sensors that automatically adjust wiper speed according to rainfall.
Washers and wipers keep your windscreen clear of rain, spray, snow, or fog.
Using Washers and Wipers
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Always use washers before wipers to wet the glass — wiping a dry screen can cause scratches.
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Keep the windscreen clean to prevent grit or dirt from scratching the glass.
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Regularly wash the windscreen and clean the wiper blades with water.
Regular Maintenance
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Check and refill the washer fluid regularly.
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Use additives to improve cleaning, reduce smearing, and prevent freezing in winter.
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Replace worn or streaking wiper blades immediately — ineffective wipers are dangerous.
Horn
The horn button is usually:
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On the steering wheel, or
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On the end of the indicator stalk
The horn warns other road users of your presence or approach.
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Use it only when necessary to avoid danger.
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Do not sound your horn aggressively — it can startle or irritate others.
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You must not use the horn:
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While stationary, unless another vehicle poses a danger, or
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In a built-up area between 11:30 pm and 7:00 am
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Heated Windscreen & Rear Window
Heated windscreens and rear windows remove:
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Condensation from inside the glass
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Frost or ice from the outside surface
Switch them on as needed, especially in cold or damp conditions, to maintain clear visibility.
Demister
Once the engine is warm, use the demister controls to direct warm air onto the windscreen and, on some vehicles, the front side windows.
You can increase airflow using the fan speed control for quicker clearing.
Ignition Switch & Starter
Usually located on the steering column, though some vehicles have a push-button starter.
Before starting the engine, ensure:
- The parking brake is applied
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The clutch pedal is fully pressed (if required)
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The gear lever is in neutral
Most ignition switches have three main positions:
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Position 1 – Activates electrical accessories such as the radio.
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Position 2 – Turns on the ignition, instruments, and gauges (the red ignition warning light appears).
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Position 3 – Engages the starter motor.
Release the key (or button) as soon as the engine starts.
Never attempt to start the engine while it is already running — this can damage the starter motor.
Some vehicles have an anti-theft steering lock, which may require a slight turn of the steering wheel when inserting or turning the key.
Being Towed
If your vehicle is being towed:
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Insert the ignition key to release the steering lock.
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Ensure the steering wheel can move freely (unless the vehicle is on a suspended tow).
Remember — with the ignition off, braking and steering assistance will not function properly.
Keyless Ignition
Many modern vehicles have keyless start systems.
You may need to:
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Insert a key fob, or
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Simply have it inside the vehicle for the engine to start.